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Electronic circuits, components and device construction

Digital circuits using only discrete components

Today, the term "digital" usually brings to mind complex control systems or signal processing with highly integrated electronic components, such as microprocessors. However, even an ordinary light switch actually operates digitally, as it too only has two states: "on" and "off"... read more

Replacements for integrated circuits and tubes

Integrated circuits initially contained only a few transistors and resistors. These components are often difficult to find as replacements nowadays. However, if there is enough space in the device, they can often be replicated using individual components. Furthermore, the internal circuitry of such circuits serves as excellent inspiration for designing your own circuits... read more

Power supply for tube devices

The power supply for circuits using vacuum tubes is often more complex than for modern devices with semiconductors. The actual electronics usually require a fairly high voltage, sometimes even different voltages for the anodes, screen grids, and control grids. Most importantly, however, a current is needed to heat the cathodes, which is typically drawn from a low-voltage source... read more

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